World Digital Library

This advertising print from 1831 depicts the three-and-one-half story Indian Queen Hotel, located at 15 South Fourth Street in Philadelphia. The hotel was operated by Horatio Wade, as indicated by a placard seen here above the door. Wade remained the proprietor from 1831 until 1833. In this view, elegantly-dressed guests enter the building, converse on the sidewalk, and rest and read inside near the windows on the first floor. On the sidewalk, well-dressed pedestrians stroll past and an African American hotel porter pushes a wheelbarrow with luggage. The Indian Queen Hotel was established in 1771. The building was altered several times before being razed in 1851. Until the mid-19th century, the hotel was incorrectly identified as the site where Thomas Jefferson wrote the Declaration of Independence. This lithograph was published by Childs & Inman, a partnership between Philadelphia engraver and lithographer Cephas G. Childs and New York portrait painter Henry Inman, which was one of the earliest important lithographic firms in Philadelphia. The partnership was active between 1830 and 1833.

Francis Field and Francis, Importers and Dealers in Tin Plate and Tinsmans Furniture, Importers and Manufacturers of Saddlery Hardware, Tin Ware, Tin Toys and Japanned Wares. Number 80 North Second Street, Philadelphia

This advertising print from 1846 shows the four-story storefront located between Arch and Race streets on North Second Street in Philadelphia. The building is covered in signage stating the name of the firm, “Francis Field & Francis,” and advertising phrases, including: “Importers & Dealers in Tin Plate and Tinsmans Furniture,” and “Importers & Manufacturers of Saddlery Hardware, Tin Ware, Tin Toys & Japanned Wares.” A male patron enters the building through the open doorway. He walks below a sign illustrated with a pig that hangs above the door, reading, “Lard Lamp Manufactory.” The patron passes a stack of crates on the stoop marked, “Tin plate by the box.” Toys, tinware, saddleryware, and japanned ware fill the large display windows on the first floor. In the windows of the upper floors, a male and a female laborer at work are visible, in addition to more merchandise. On the sidewalk, next to the cellar doors of the store, is a barrel. The advertisement also shows partial views of adjacent buildings. Francis, Field & Francis (owned by Henry and Thomas Francis and Charles Field), was also known as the Philadelphia Tin Toy Manufactory. One of the oldest toy manufactories in America, the business began operating from this address in 1839.

Piper and Andrews, Warm Air Furnace Manufactory. Number 82 North Sixth Street, Philadelphia

This advertising print from 1845 shows a four-story storefront located on the 100 block of North Sixth Street in Philadelphia. The building is adorned with signage that reads: “Warm Air Furnace Manufactory,” “Radiator Stoves, Perpetual Ovens, Backs & Jambs, Vault & Hearth Grates. Metalic [sic] Roofing in Tin & Copper,” and “Cooking Ranges. Piper & Andrews.” A patron enters through one of the two open entryways; inside, a wall of shelves holds merchandise. Clerks and employees are visible at the cellar entrance, inside the second entryway (across from the stairs that lead to the second floor), and in the rear of the business. Pipes and stoves are displayed at the entryways. Two other workers toil at the second floor windows. To the right of the manufactory, a female street vendor sits in front of a rickety wooden building. She sits under an awning with a frame weighted by rocks and uses a falling shutter as a table; it is lined with foodstuffs. The upper floors of the wooden building rise behind her. On the left of the manufactory, a partial view of an adjacent factory can also be seen. Partially visible and semi-legible signs, including one reading “ady's Factory” adorn the adjacent building. Henry A. Piper and R.S.R. Andrews partnered circa 1845–47.

A.L. Knight and Company's Patent Paper Machine Manufactory. Fifteenth and Willow Streets, Philadelphia

This lithograph from 1847 shows an exterior view of the three-story paper machine manufactory located on Fifteenth and Willow streets in Philadelphia. Signage on the side of the building sprawls across ten bays of windows and reads, "Knight's patent paper machine, manufactory." A smaller sign above the entrance reads, "A.L. Knight & Co." Three workers stand, one on every level of the building, as a man on the ground prepares a package to be hoisted from the sidewalk into the building. A gentleman stands in the entryway watching the workers, and another man guides a horse-drawn cart out of the enclosed yard of the manufactory. In a window on the first floor, a seated person can be seen writing. In the background, a partial view of industrial buildings is visible. Below the image is a block of text, including overprinted letterpress title in red ink; the image and text are surrounded by a blue border. A.L. Knight & Company was in business from 1843 to 1850. This lithograph was printed by the firm of Howell Evans, which promoted itself as the first "fast card press in the city.” At this time the press operated on the corner of Fourth and Chestnut streets in Philadelphia. In 1860, this press executed advertisements for the Philadelphia City Directory.

Frederick Fisher, Upholstery, Cheap Bedding and Feather Warehouse. Number 31

This lithograph from 1846 is an advertising proof for an upholstery business operated by Frederick Fisher at the northeast corner of Eighth and Zane streets in Philadelphia. Shown here is the two-and-one-half story warehouse; it has numerous windows and is adorned with signage. Patrons are seen entering through one doorway, passing a sign advertising, "Beds Hair Mattresses Cushions Feathers Moss Ticking Cotts [sic] Cattail." Bedding and bed posts are visible in or hanging out of most of the warehouse windows. A stuffed swan standing among pillows is visible in one of the lower windows. Bed posts and bags labeled "Feathers" lean against the building. Mattresses and bed cushions are displayed on racks on the sidewalk. The scene also includes a fire hydrant and a boy walking past the warehouse. Fisher operated an upholstery business between 1839 and 1853; he operated from this location at the corner of Eighth and Zane streets in 1844–48.

Ruins of Saint Augustine's Church. North Fourth Street, Philadelphia

This lithograph from 1844 shows the ruins of Saint Augustine’s Church, located at 260-262 North Fourth Street in Philadelphia. In May 1844, this Catholic church was destroyed by fire during the Nativist Riots. Seen here are the damaged outer church walls, which remain standing behind a stone and iron work fence. On the sidewalk, pedestrians, including a pair of men, a pair of women, and a couple, walk past, point, and discuss the ruins. Another woman faces away from the destroyed church, and, near the pair of men, a dog wanders. The church congregation was formed in 1796 under Matthew J. Carr and served the large German and Irish immigrant community residing in the northern sections of the city. The church was built in 1801 after the designs of architect Douglas Fitzmaurice Fagan. The May riots (May 6–8, 1844) began during a confrontation between Irish Catholics and participants in an American Nativist Party rally that was held in the Irish neighborhood of Kensington. Text below the image states that the church was “destroyed by a mob on the evening of the 8th of May, 1844.”

William D. Parrish, Book Bindery, Paper and Rag Warehouse, Paper Books and Stationery. Number 4 North Fifth Street, Philadelphia

This advertising print from 1847 shows the busy four-story storefront of William D. Parrish, located on Fifth Street north of Market Street in Philadelphia. Signage displayed on the establishment reads, “book bindery,” “paper & rag warehouse,” and “paper, books, and stationery.” A male patron enters the store through one open entryway; at the other entryway, a clerk prepares sacks on a hoist. Shelves of bound items line a wall of the store. In the central display window are glass bottles and stacks of bound volumes. Employees of the store are visible at work in the upper floor windows, readying hoisting ropes, inspecting rags, and working with and carrying stacks of bound books. The windows without employees contain boxes. Outside the storefront, additional signage on the building facade advertise “Book Bindry [sic] Upstairs”; “Rags Bought for Cash”; and “Blank Books and School Books.” On the sidewalk, marked crates and sacks of rags are stacked near the open cellar. Crate markings include “F.C.L.,” “D.C.H. N. Orleans,” “Nashville,” and “Louisville.” A horse-drawn dray with a driver is in the street. Parrish operated the store from this location in 1844–54.

J. Mayland, Jr. and Company, Tobacco and Snuff Manufactory. Cigars, Foreign and Domestic. Wholesale Grocers. Northwest Corner of Third and Race Streets, Philadelphia

This lithograph from 1846 is an advertisement showing the five-story manufactory and storefront of the tobacco and grocery business located at 111 Race Street (i.e., the 300 block of Race Street) in Philadelphia. The building is covered in signage reading: “Tobacco & Snuff Manufactory,” “Segars [sic], Foreign & Domestic,” “Wholesale Grocers,” and “J. Mayland Jr. & Co.” On the first floor, a patron enters the store near a wall of shelved goods and a line of boxes on the floor; a clerk organizes canisters in the front display window; and other employees check a list and move a crate. In the upper floor windows, boxes, barrels, and sacks are piled and employees work. A box is seen being hoisted into the air inside one window. In front of the store, laborers unload boxes from a horse-drawn dray parked in the street. Crates and barrels line the sidewalk near the dray. Partial views of adjacent buildings also can be seen in this print. Jacob Mayland established his tobacco business circa 1803 and operated from the 300 block of Race Street beginning in 1805. The business, renamed Jacob Mayland Jr. & Company circa 1842, remained at 111 Race Street until circa 1848.

Hartley and Knight's Bedding Warehouse. Number 148 South Second Street, Philadelphia

This advertising print from 1846 shows the cluttered-looking three-story storefront of the bedding warehouse located on the 200 block of South Second Street in Philadelphia. A clerk, possibly one of the proprietors, stands at the main entrance to the store and points to one of many disheveled displays of mattresses. Behind him, a couple enters the wareroom. The couple walks under a framed figure of a goose hanging above the doorway. Shelves of mattresses line the walls and rolled mattresses fill the large open display windows. In the back of the store, two women work in a back room. In the upper floor windows of the building, mattresses and bedding are propped out of windows and piles of feathers are visible. In front of the store, a mattress on a bed frame, a bed frame, and bedding on a cot are on display; a clerk loads bedding onto a horse-drawn cart; and a gentleman walks past a fire hydrant on the sidewalk. Partial views of adjacent buildings also can be seen. A prominent sign on the building reads, “Hartley & Knight’s Bedding Warehouse.” Partners Joseph Hartley and Reeve L. Knight relocated to this address circa 1842 and remained in a partnership until 1854.

J. Willis, Shoe Manufactory. Number 241 Arch Street, Philadelphia

This advertising print from 1846 shows the four-story manufactory and storefront for “J. Willis Wholesale & Retale [sic] Ladies Shoe Store,” located on the 600 block of Arch Street in Philadelphia. On the street beneath the store awning, a couple enters the store through the entryway, while a lady looks at a partially visible print hanging in the central display window, possibly depicting the Willis shoe store. Drapery is visible in some of the upper floor windows and a horse-drawn carriage is parked in front of the building. Partial views of the adjacent buildings also can be seen. A prominent graphic element of this image is the shading, representing light reflecting from windows. The business featured in this print operated from this address as “J. Willis” between 1840 and 1853, at which time it was renamed “J. Willis & Son.”

Ambrose Burnside (1824−81) was a Union general in the American Civil War. Born in Liberty, Indiana, he graduated from the United States Military Academy at West Point in 1847. Unlike many generals from both the North and the South, he did not see action in the Mexican War of 1846−48. He resigned his commission in 1853 to manufacture a breech-loading rifle that he had invented, and then worked in the railroad industry. With the outbreak of the Civil War he returned to the army, and commanded troops in the capture of Roanoke Island and at the Battles of South Mountain and Antietam. From November 1862 to January 1863, during the Fredericksburg Campaign, he commanded the Army of the Potomac. He later fought under General Ulysses S. Grant in the Battles of the Wilderness and Cold Harbor (1864). After the war he served as governor of Rhode Island (1866−69) and U.S. senator from the same state (1875−81). His distinctive whiskers led to the coining of the word “sideburns.” The image is from an album of mostly Civil War-era portraits by the famous American photographer Matthew Brady (circa 1823‒96) that belonged to Emperor Pedro II of Brazil (1825‒91), a collector of photography as well as a photographer himself. The album was a gift to the emperor from Edward Anthony (1818‒88), another early American photographer who, in partnership with his brother, owned a company that in the 1850s became the leading seller of photographic supplies in the United States. Dom Pedro may have acquired the album during a trip to the United States in 1876 when he, along with President Ulysses S. Grant, opened the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia. Brady was born in upstate New York, the son of immigrants from Ireland. Best known for his photographs documenting the battles of the American Civil War, he began his career in 1844 when he opened a daguerreotype portrait studio at the corner of Broadway and Fulton Streets in New York City. Over the course of the next several decades, Brady produced portraits of leading American public figures, many of which were published as engravings in magazines and newspapers. In 1858 he opened a branch in Washington, DC. The album, which also contains a small number of non-photographic prints, is part of the Thereza Christina Maria Collection at the National Library of Brazil. The collection is composed of 21,742 photos assembled by Emperor Pedro II throughout his life and donated by him to the national library. The collection covers a wide variety of subjects. It documents the achievements of Brazil and Brazilians in the 19th century and also includes many photographs of Europe, Africa, and North America.

Benjamin F. Butler (1818−93) was a Massachusetts politician and Union army general in the American Civil War. Appointed an officer largely for political reasons, he had a mixed record as a military commander. He earned an important place in history, however, for his actions during the war toward the people and territory of the South. In 1861, while serving as commander of Fort Monroe, Virginia, he made the decision, on his own authority, not to return to the Confederacy slaves fleeing into Union lines on the grounds that they constituted “contraband of war,” whose return would boost the Southern war effort. Abraham Lincoln later was to follow the same reasoning in issuing the Emancipation Proclamation. In early 1862, Butler commanded the Union land forces that retook New Orleans from the Confederacy, and from May to December of that year he was military governor of the city, which he ruled with an iron hand. After the war, Butler served as governor of Massachusetts and in the U.S. House of Representatives. The image is from an album of mostly Civil War-era portraits by the famous American photographer Matthew Brady (circa 1823‒96) that belonged to Emperor Pedro II of Brazil (1825‒91), a collector of photography as well as a photographer himself. The album was a gift to the emperor from Edward Anthony (1818‒88), another early American photographer who, in partnership with his brother, owned a company that in the 1850s became the leading seller of photographic supplies in the United States. Dom Pedro may have acquired the album during a trip to the United States in 1876 when he, along with President Ulysses S. Grant, opened the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia. Brady was born in upstate New York, the son of immigrants from Ireland. Best known for his photographs documenting the battles of the American Civil War, he began his career in 1844 when he opened a daguerreotype portrait studio at the corner of Broadway and Fulton Streets in New York City. Over the course of the next several decades, Brady produced portraits of leading American public figures, many of which were published as engravings in magazines and newspapers. In 1858 he opened a branch in Washington, DC. The album, which also contains a small number of non-photographic prints, is part of the Thereza Christina Maria Collection at the National Library of Brazil. The collection is composed of 21,742 photos assembled by Emperor Pedro II throughout his life and donated by him to the national library. The collection covers a wide variety of subjects. It documents the achievements of Brazil and Brazilians in the 19th century and also includes many photographs of Europe, Africa, and North America.

Nathaniel Prentiss Banks (1816−94) was a lawyer who served as a member of Congress from 1853 to 1857 and was governor of Massachusetts from 1858 to 1861. When the Civil War broke out, he offered his services to the government and was made major general of volunteers. He commanded the Department of the Shenandoah in 1862 and the Department of the Gulf in 1863−64. In the latter capacity, Banks led the Union forces at the siege of Port Hudson, Louisiana (May 22−July 9, 1863), which ended with the surrender of this Confederate stronghold. The image is from an album of mostly Civil War-era portraits by the famous American photographer Matthew Brady (circa 1823‒96) that belonged to Emperor Pedro II of Brazil (1825‒91), a collector of photography as well as a photographer himself. The album was a gift to the emperor from Edward Anthony (1818‒88), another early American photographer who, in partnership with his brother, owned a company that in the 1850s became the leading seller of photographic supplies in the United States. Dom Pedro may have acquired the album during a trip to the United States in 1876 when he, along with President Ulysses S. Grant, opened the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia. Brady was born in upstate New York, the son of immigrants from Ireland. Best known for his photographs documenting the battles of the American Civil War, he began his career in 1844 when he opened a daguerreotype portrait studio at the corner of Broadway and Fulton Streets in New York City. Over the course of the next several decades, Brady produced portraits of leading American public figures, many of which were published as engravings in magazines and newspapers. In 1858 he opened a branch in Washington, DC. The album, which also contains a small number of non-photographic prints, is part of the Thereza Christina Maria Collection at the National Library of Brazil. The collection is composed of 21,742 photos assembled by Emperor Pedro II throughout his life and donated by him to the national library. The collection covers a wide variety of subjects. It documents the achievements of Brazil and Brazilians in the 19th century and also includes many photographs of Europe, Africa, and North America.

Irvin McDowell (1818−85) was a Union general in the American Civil War. Born in Columbus, Ohio, he graduated from the United States Military Academy at West Point in 1838 and fought in the Mexican War of 1846−48. Early in the Civil War he was a brigadier general at the head of the Department of Northeastern Virginia, and thus was in command of the Union army at the First Battle of Bull Run in July 1861. He held several other commands during the war, and was promoted to major general for his outstanding performance at the Battle of Cedar Mountain in Culpeper County, Virginia, on August 9, 1862. The image is from an album of mostly Civil War-era portraits by the famous American photographer Matthew Brady (circa 1823‒96) that belonged to Emperor Pedro II of Brazil (1825‒91), a collector of photography as well as a photographer himself. The album was a gift to the emperor from Edward Anthony (1818‒88), another early American photographer who, in partnership with his brother, owned a company that in the 1850s became the leading seller of photographic supplies in the United States. Dom Pedro may have acquired the album during a trip to the United States in 1876 when he, along with President Ulysses S. Grant, opened the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia. Brady was born in upstate New York, the son of immigrants from Ireland. Best known for his photographs documenting the battles of the American Civil War, he began his career in 1844 when he opened a daguerreotype portrait studio at the corner of Broadway and Fulton Streets in New York City. Over the course of the next several decades, Brady produced portraits of leading American public figures, many of which were published as engravings in magazines and newspapers. In 1858 he opened a branch in Washington, DC. The album, which also contains a small number of non-photographic prints, is part of the Thereza Christina Maria Collection at the National Library of Brazil. The collection is composed of 21,742 photos assembled by Emperor Pedro II throughout his life and donated by him to the national library. The collection covers a wide variety of subjects. It documents the achievements of Brazil and Brazilians in the 19th century and also includes many photographs of Europe, Africa, and North America.

Henry Halleck (1815−72) was born in Waterville, New York. He graduated from the United States Military Academy at West Point in 1839, and served in the Mexican War of 1846−48. He retired from the army in 1854 to practice law, but after the outbreak of the Civil War in 1861 he reentered the service with the rank of major general. He commanded the Department of the Missouri from November 19, 1861, to July 11, 1862, when he became general in chief of all the Union armies, a position he held until March 1864, when he was succeeded by General Ulysses S. Grant. The image is from an album of mostly Civil War-era portraits by the famous American photographer Matthew Brady (circa 1823‒96) that belonged to Emperor Pedro II of Brazil (1825‒91), a collector of photography as well as a photographer himself. The album was a gift to the emperor from Edward Anthony (1818‒88), another early American photographer who, in partnership with his brother, owned a company that in the 1850s became the leading seller of photographic supplies in the United States. Dom Pedro may have acquired the album during a trip to the United States in 1876 when he, along with President Ulysses S. Grant, opened the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia. Brady was born in upstate New York, the son of immigrants from Ireland. Best known for his photographs documenting the battles of the American Civil War, he began his career in 1844 when he opened a daguerreotype portrait studio at the corner of Broadway and Fulton Streets in New York City. Over the course of the next several decades, Brady produced portraits of leading American public figures, many of which were published as engravings in magazines and newspapers. In 1858 he opened a branch in Washington, DC. The album, which also contains a small number of non-photographic prints, is part of the Thereza Christina Maria Collection at the National Library of Brazil. The collection is composed of 21,742 photos assembled by Emperor Pedro II throughout his life and donated by him to the national library. The collection covers a wide variety of subjects. It documents the achievements of Brazil and Brazilians in the 19th century and also includes many photographs of Europe, Africa, and North America.

George McClellan (1826‒85) was one of four generals during the American Civil War to hold the post of general in chief of the armies of the United States, the others being Winfield Scott, Henry Halleck, and Ulysses S. Grant. McClellan was born in Philadelphia, graduated from the United States Military Academy at West Point in 1846, and served in the engineer corps during the Mexican War (1846‒48). He left the army in 1857 to work in the railroad industry, but returned when the Civil War broke out. After scoring successes in driving the Confederates from the region that would become the state of West Virginia, in November 1861 he replaced Scott as general in chief. In March 1862 he was placed in command of the Army of the Potomac. In that capacity he played the leading role in turning the army into a well-organized and disciplined fighting force. He came into increasing conflict with President Abraham Lincoln, however, over his reluctance to actually use this force in going on the offensive against the Confederacy and was relieved of command in November 1862. In the presidential elections of 1864 he ran as the Democratic candidate against Lincoln, but lost in a landslide, winning only 21 electoral votes (the states of New Jersey, Kentucky, and Delaware) compared with Lincoln’s 212. The image is from an album of mostly Civil War-era portraits by the famous American photographer Matthew Brady (circa 1823‒96) that belonged to Emperor Pedro II of Brazil (1825‒91), a collector of photography as well as a photographer himself. The album was a gift to the emperor from Edward Anthony (1818‒88), another early American photographer who, in partnership with his brother, owned a company that in the 1850s became the leading seller of photographic supplies in the United States. Dom Pedro may have acquired the album during a trip to the United States in 1876 when he, along with President Ulysses S. Grant, opened the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia. Brady was born in upstate New York, the son of immigrants from Ireland. Best known for his photographs documenting the battles of the American Civil War, he began his career in 1844 when he opened a daguerreotype portrait studio at the corner of Broadway and Fulton Streets in New York City. Over the course of the next several decades, Brady produced portraits of leading American public figures, many of which were published as engravings in magazines and newspapers. In 1858 he opened a branch in Washington, DC. The album, which also contains a small number of non-photographic prints, is part of the Thereza Christina Maria Collection at the National Library of Brazil. The collection is composed of 21,742 photos assembled by Emperor Pedro II throughout his life and donated by him to the national library. The collection covers a wide variety of subjects. It documents the achievements of Brazil and Brazilians in the 19th century and also includes many photographs of Europe, Africa, and North America.

Robert Toombs (1810‒85) was a U.S. senator, Confederate cabinet member, and Confederate general in the American Civil War. Born in Georgia, he studied law in Georgia, New York, and Virginia, and in 1829 opened a law practice in Georgia. He was elected to the Georgia legislature in 1836, to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1844, and to the U.S. Senate in 1852. The son of a planter who had amassed a large fortune in land and slaves, Toombs supported the secession of Georgia from the Union. He was named secretary of state in the cabinet of President Jefferson Davis, but he proved unsuited for the job and resigned to become a general in the Confederate army. A political general with limited military skill or training, he was generally unsuccessful but performed creditably at Antietam (1862). He returned to Georgia after the war but, refusing to seek pardon, he was unable to vote or seek office, and thus was unable to revive his political career. He spent his last years ravaged by alcoholism and blindness. The image is from an album of mostly Civil War-era portraits by the famous American photographer Matthew Brady (circa 1823‒96) that belonged to Emperor Pedro II of Brazil (1825‒91), a collector of photography as well as a photographer himself. The album was a gift to the emperor from Edward Anthony (1818‒88), another early American photographer who, in partnership with his brother, owned a company that in the 1850s became the leading seller of photographic supplies in the United States. Dom Pedro may have acquired the album during a trip to the United States in 1876 when he, along with President Ulysses S. Grant, opened the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia. Brady was born in upstate New York, the son of immigrants from Ireland. Best known for his photographs documenting the battles of the American Civil War, he began his career in 1844 when he opened a daguerreotype portrait studio at the corner of Broadway and Fulton Streets in New York City. Over the course of the next several decades, Brady produced portraits of leading American public figures, many of which were published as engravings in magazines and newspapers. In 1858 he opened a branch in Washington, DC. The album, which also contains a small number of non-photographic prints, is part of the Thereza Christina Maria Collection at the National Library of Brazil. The collection is composed of 21,742 photos assembled by Emperor Pedro II throughout his life and donated by him to the national library. The collection covers a wide variety of subjects. It documents the achievements of Brazil and Brazilians in the 19th century and also includes many photographs of Europe, Africa, and North America.

John Pope (1822−92) was a Union general in the American Civil War. Born in Louisville, Kentucky, he graduated from the United States Military Academy at West Point in 1842 and served in the Mexican War of 1846−48 and in the Army engineering corps in connection with the development of the American West. When the Civil War broke out, he initially commanded troops in the western theater of the war, where he scored his most notable military achievement, the capture, on April 8, 1862, of Island Number Ten in the Mississippi River, a severe blow to Confederate control of the river. He then was put in command of the Army of Virginia, but he was relieved of this command after the reverse of the Second Battle of Bull Run. The image is from an album of mostly Civil War-era portraits by the famous American photographer Matthew Brady (circa 1823‒96) that belonged to Emperor Pedro II of Brazil (1825‒91), a collector of photography as well as a photographer himself. The album was a gift to the emperor from Edward Anthony (1818‒88), another early American photographer who, in partnership with his brother, owned a company that in the 1850s became the leading seller of photographic supplies in the United States. Dom Pedro may have acquired the album during a trip to the United States in 1876 when he, along with President Ulysses S. Grant, opened the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia. Brady was born in upstate New York, the son of immigrants from Ireland. Best known for his photographs documenting the battles of the American Civil War, he began his career in 1844 when he opened a daguerreotype portrait studio at the corner of Broadway and Fulton Streets in New York City. Over the course of the next several decades, Brady produced portraits of leading American public figures, many of which were published as engravings in magazines and newspapers. In 1858 he opened a branch in Washington, DC. The album, which also contains a small number of non-photographic prints, is part of the Thereza Christina Maria Collection at the National Library of Brazil. The collection is composed of 21,742 photos assembled by Emperor Pedro II throughout his life and donated by him to the national library. The collection covers a wide variety of subjects. It documents the achievements of Brazil and Brazilians in the 19th century and also includes many photographs of Europe, Africa, and North America.

Simon Cameron (1799‒1889) was a Pennsylvania newspaper editor and politician who served as the first secretary of war in the cabinet of President Abraham Lincoln. He was born in Maytown, Pennsylvania and orphaned at age nine. Despite limited education, he gained a position as an apprentice printer and gradually rose to become editor of the Bucks County Messenger. Using his position in the press as a springboard, he became active in Pennsylvania state politics and served in the United States Senate from 1845 to 1849. Originally a Democrat, he switched parties and was elected to the Senate as a Republican in 1856. Lincoln appointed Cameron to his cabinet in 1861, partly in recognition of his great role in delivering Pennsylvania for the Republicans in the election of 1860. He proved an ineffective secretary of war who had policy differences with Lincoln and was regarded by many as corrupt, and he resigned his position on January 14, 1862. He and Lincoln remained on friendly terms, however, and the president appointed him minister to Russia. Cameron remained in Saint Petersburg for less than a year before returning to Pennsylvania to resume his political and business activities. He served in the U.S. Senate from 1867 to 1877. Cameron is remembered for his definition of “an honest politician” as “one who, when he is bought, will stay bought.” The image is from an album of mostly Civil War-era portraits by the famous American photographer Matthew Brady (circa 1823‒96) that belonged to Emperor Pedro II of Brazil (1825‒91), a collector of photography as well as a photographer himself. The album was a gift to the emperor from Edward Anthony (1818‒88), another early American photographer who, in partnership with his brother, owned a company that in the 1850s became the leading seller of photographic supplies in the United States. Dom Pedro may have acquired the album during a trip to the United States in 1876 when he, along with President Ulysses S. Grant, opened the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia. Brady was born in upstate New York, the son of immigrants from Ireland. Best known for his photographs documenting the battles of the American Civil War, he began his career in 1844 when he opened a daguerreotype portrait studio at the corner of Broadway and Fulton Streets in New York City. Over the course of the next several decades, Brady produced portraits of leading American public figures, many of which were published as engravings in magazines and newspapers. In 1858 he opened a branch in Washington, DC. The album, which also contains a small number of non-photographic prints, is part of the Thereza Christina Maria Collection at the National Library of Brazil. The collection is composed of 21,742 photos assembled by Emperor Pedro II throughout his life and donated by him to the national library. The collection covers a wide variety of subjects. It documents the achievements of Brazil and Brazilians in the 19th century and also includes many photographs of Europe, Africa, and North America.

Abigail Fillmore (1798‒1853) was the wife of Millard Fillmore (1800‒74), the 13th president of the United States. She was first lady during Fillmore’s one term in office, from 1850 to 1853. Born in upstate New York, she was by profession a public school teacher. She had two children. The image is from an album of mostly Civil War-era portraits by the famous American photographer Matthew Brady (circa 1823‒96) that belonged to Emperor Pedro II of Brazil (1825‒91), a collector of photography as well as a photographer himself. The album was a gift to the emperor from Edward Anthony (1818‒88), another early American photographer who, in partnership with his brother, owned a company that in the 1850s became the leading seller of photographic supplies in the United States. Dom Pedro may have acquired the album during a trip to the United States in 1876 when he, along with President Ulysses S. Grant, opened the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia. Brady was born in upstate New York, the son of immigrants from Ireland. Best known for his photographs documenting the battles of the American Civil War, he began his career in 1844 when he opened a daguerreotype portrait studio at the corner of Broadway and Fulton Streets in New York City. Over the course of the next several decades, Brady produced portraits of leading American public figures, many of which were published as engravings in magazines and newspapers. In 1858 he opened a branch in Washington, DC. The album, which also contains a small number of non-photographic prints, is part of the Thereza Christina Maria Collection at the National Library of Brazil. The collection is composed of 21,742 photos assembled by Emperor Pedro II throughout his life and donated by him to the national library. The collection covers a wide variety of subjects. It documents the achievements of Brazil and Brazilians in the 19th century and also includes many photographs of Europe, Africa, and North America.

Indian Queen Hotel

Francis Field and Francis, Importers and Dealers in Tin Plate and Tinsmans Furniture, Importers and Manufacturers of Saddlery Hardware, Tin Ware, Tin Toys and Japanned Wares. Number 80 North Second Street, Philadelphia

Piper and Andrews, Warm Air Furnace Manufactory. Number 82 North Sixth Street, Philadelphia

A.L. Knight and Company's Patent Paper Machine Manufactory. Fifteenth and Willow Streets, Philadelphia

Frederick Fisher, Upholstery, Cheap Bedding and Feather Warehouse. Number 31

Ruins of Saint Augustine's Church. North Fourth Street, Philadelphia

William D. Parrish, Book Bindery, Paper and Rag Warehouse, Paper Books and Stationery. Number 4 North Fifth Street, Philadelphia

J. Mayland, Jr. and Company, Tobacco and Snuff Manufactory. Cigars, Foreign and Domestic. Wholesale Grocers. Northwest Corner of Third and Race Streets, Philadelphia

Hartley and Knight's Bedding Warehouse. Number 148 South Second Street, Philadelphia

J. Willis, Shoe Manufactory. Number 241 Arch Street, Philadelphia

Major General Ambrose Burnside

Major General Benjamin Butler

Major General Nathaniel P. Banks

Major General Irvin McDowell

Major General Henry Halleck

Major General George B. McClellan

Senator Robert Toombs of Georgia

Brigadier General John Pope

Secretary of War Simon Cameron

Abigail Fillmore