This photochrome print of the ramparts of the Kremlin (fortress) in Nizhnii Novgorod is part of “Views of Architecture and Other Sites Primarily in Poland, Russia, and the Ukraine” from the catalog of the Detroit Publishing Company (1905). Located at the confluence of the Oka and Volga rivers in western Russia, Nizhnii-Novgorod was the capital of the Nizhnii-Novgorod principality from 1350 onward. The Kremlin constituted the political and historical center of the city. As described in Baedeker’s Russia with Teheran, Port Arthur, and Peking (1914), the Kremlin “occupies the highest point of the town. It is enclosed by a wall 65-100 ft. in height, which is flanked by 11 (formerly 13) towers. The building of the Kremlin was first undertaken by the Grand-Prince Demetrius Constantinovitch (1365-84). . . . In 1508-11 the Kremlin was practically rebuilt under the superintendence of the Italian architect Pietro Francesco (Frasin). Numerous changes, however, [have] been made in the building since his day.”