Ordenanzas qve el Señor Marqves de Cañete Visorey de eʃtos reynos del Piru mando hazer (Ordinances issued by the Marquis of Cañete, viceroy of the Kingdom of Peru) was published in Lima, Peru, in 1614. As indicated by the title, these ordinances were an attempt by the viceroy to crack down on the oppression of the indigenous population at the hands of the Spanish colonizers. The first printing press in South America was established in Lima by Antonio Ricardo (circa 1540−1606), an Italian who had worked for a time as a printer with the Jesuits in Mexico City. This book is part of a collection of 39 first editions in the National Library of Peru, produced at the press between 1584 and 1619. The collection was inscribed on the UNESCO Memory of the World Register in 2013. In Latin, Spanish, and several Amerindian languages, these books are an important part of the record of the encounter between two worlds: the Amerindian civilization of the Incas and the European culture represented by the Spanish conquistadors. They are important sources for the study of the dissemination of ideas in the Spanish Empire, including the evangelization process and the diffusion of Catholicism on the one hand and the debate over the indigenous peoples and their condition as human beings on the other. Several of the books provide insights into the political, cultural, and social organization of the vanquished Inca civilization, as well as a record of the Quechua and Aymara languages spoken by the Incas.