German geographer and cartographer Heinrich Kiepert (1818–99) is generally regarded as one of the most important scholarly cartographers of the second half of the 19th century. He was head of the Geographical Institute in Weimar between 1845 and 1852 and professor at the University of Berlin from 1852 until his death. Shown here is Kiepert’s 1855 map of the Near East, which appeared in the Kiepert’s Neuer Hand-Atlas über alle Teile der Erde (Kiepert’s new portable atlas of all parts of the world), published by Dietrich Reimer, with whom Kiepert had a long association. The map covers the region between the eastern Mediterranean and the border of Afghanistan with British India. Different colors are used to mark the borders of the Ottoman and Russian empires, British possessions and protectorates in India, and the territory of the imam of Maskat (present-day Muscat). In the lower left-hand corner is a list of topographic terms in Turkish, Arabic, and Persian with their German equivalents.